Thursday, January 30, 2020
Music Study Guide Essay Example for Free
Music Study Guide Essay Music is an art based on the organization of sounds in time. Also the universal language of man or something who knows Pitch is the relative highness or lowness that we hear in a sound Tone is a sound that has a definite pitch Interval is the distance in a pitch between any two tones Tones are separated by an interval called the octave Tones have a specific frequency in music Pitch range is the distance between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or instrument can produce Range of an untrained voice is between 1 and 2 octaves Dynamics are degrees of loudness or softness in music Loudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the sound Accent is an emphasis of a note Instrument may be defined as any mechanism that produces musical sound Register is the part of the tonal range of an instrument or voice Pizzicato- plucked string Double stop- two notes at once Vibrato- rocking the left hand while pressing down with the other. Throbbing expressive tone that causes small pitch fluctuations that make the tone warmer Mute- a clamp that veils or muffles that tone Tremolo- rapidly repeats tones by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow Harmonics- Very high pitched tones are produced when the musician lightly touches certain points on a string Woodwinds have little holes along their length that are opened and closed by the fingers or pads controlled by a key mechanism Flutes and piccolos are played by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole Recorders are played by blowing through a whistle mouthpiece Single-reed woodwinds are played by fastening a reed over a hole in the mouthpiece that vibrates when the player blows over it (ex- clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone) Double-reed woodwinds use two narrow pieces of cane that are held between the musician’s lips (ex- English horn, contrabassoon, bassoon) Bass instruments are played by the musician blowing into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece (vibrations of bass instruments come from their lips) Pitch of brass instrument is regulated by varying lip tension and by using slides and valves Mutes alter the tone color of bass instruments When a pianist’s finger strikes a key, a felt-covered hammer swings up against a string (greater the force on the key, more powerful the hammer’s blow, louder the tone produced) Damper comes down on the string to stop the vibrations when the pianist lets go of the key Damper pedal is the most important pedal, allows a pianist to sustain tones Una corda pedal, on the left, veils the sound Sostenuto pedal, in the middle, allows the pianist to sustain some tones without sustaining others Harpsichord has strings that are plucked. Controlled by one or two keyboards. Pipe organ has many sets of pipes controlled by several keyboards, including a pedal keyboard played the organist’s feet Tape studio was the main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950s Synthesizers are systems of electronic components that generate, modify, and control sound Analog Synthesis is based on representing data in terms of measurable physical quantities Digital frequency modulation synthesis is based on representing physical quantities as numbers Sampling involves placing brief digital recordings of live sounds under the control of a synthesizer keyboard Instrument Digital interface (MIDI) is a standard adopted by manufacturers for interfacing synthesizer equipment Consonance is a tone combination that is stable. They are points of arrival, rest, and resolution. Dissonance is a tone combination that is unstable. Its tension demands an onward motion to a stable chord Dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonance The Middle Ages The Middle Ages spanned from 450-1450 Most important musicians were priests Church officials required monks to sing with proper pronunciation, concentration, and tone quality Church frowned upon instruments because of their earlier role in pagan rites Gregorian chant is a melody set to sacred Latin texts and sung w/o accompaniment Gregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale. The Renaissance The Renaissance spanned from 1450-1600 The Renaissance mass is a polyphonic choral composition made up of the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei Baroque Baroque era spanned from 1600-1750 Baroque era used violins a lot. Organ and harpsichord where the main keyboard instruments Baroque suite is a set of dance-inspired movements. It is made up of movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. Usually in A A B B French overture is a common Baroque suite opening. Short Answer Middle Ages (450-1450) Renaissance (1450-1600) Baroque (1600-1750) Classical (1750-1820) Romantic (1820-1900) Contemporary (1900-now) 3 Composers per period: Middle Ages- Hildegard of Bingen, Perotin, Francesco Landini Renaissance- Josquin Desprez, Thomas Morley, Giovanni Gabrieli Baroque- Johann Sebastian Bach, George Fredric Handel, Henry Purcell Italian dynamic markings: Pianissimoppvery soft Piano psoft Mezzo Pianompmoderately soft Mezzo fortemfmoderately loud Fortefloud Fortissimoffvery loud Orchestras contain string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. Symphonic bands contain brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. Duple Meter- measure has two beats Triple Meter- measure has 3 beats Quadruple Meter- measure has 4 beats Gregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale. Polychoral Motet- motet for two or more choirs, often including groups of instruments Brandenburg Concerto No.5 in D Major (1721), by Johann Sebastian Bach. Ritornello form, duple meter. Used a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and a harpsichord. Essays Compare and contrast two periods of music that we’ve learned Middle Ages and Renaissance Compare: Musicians worked in churches. The church remained an important patron of music. Vocal music was more important the instrumental music. Both had sacred music(Gregorian chant, Renaissance mass). Both used church modes as their basic scale of music. The cantus firmus (Melody used as the basis of a polyphonic choral) was used in both periods. Contrast: Musical activity gradually shifted to the courts in the Ren. Musicians had higher statuses in the Ren. Ren music sounds fuller than MA music. Bass register was used for the first time in the Ren, expanding the pitch range to more than 4 octaves. Invention of the printing press widened the circulation of music, and the number of composers and performers increased in the Ren. Ren music was more about men rather than God. Instruments were used more often in the Ren. Composers were no longer content to remain unknown; in the Ren they wanted fame and recognition for their works. Bach’s contributions to the Baroque period Bach was the mack daddy of Baroque music. His works show an astounding mastery of harmony and counterpoint, and they are used as models by music students today. With his set of six Brandenburg Concerto’s, Bach brought immortality to a German aristocrat, the margrave of Brandenburg. In Concerto No.5, Bach uses a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and harpsichord. This was the first time a harpsichord was given a solo in a concerto grosso. The harpsichord’s solo at the end of the first movement is spectacular. His audience marveled at this brilliant harpsichord solo within a concerto grosso, and audiences today are still blown away by it. Bach wrote fugues that were the peak among works in the form. In his collections of preludes and fugues, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Back explored with unprecedented thoroughness systems of tuning instruments that enabled a composer to write in all 24 keys, even keys with many sharps and flats. Bach also composed what is probably the most monumental setting of the Roman Catholic mass (Mass in B Minor). It was too long to be performed in a mass, so Bach was just probably being a show-off. Bach wrote about 295 church cantatas. Cantata No. 140 is his most famous.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
The Effect of Divorce on Children Essay -- Papers Marriage Cause Kids
The Effect of Divorce on Children Divorce, once uncommon in our society, is now becoming more and more frequent, disrupting our children's state of well-being. Some children of divorced families have long-term behavior problems such as depression, low self-esteem, poor school performance, acting out, and difficulties with intimate relationships. Children with divorced or divorcing parents often have a sense of abandonment, because their parents become too preoccupied with their own psychological, social, and economic distress that they forget about their kids? needs (Lamb and Sternberg, 1997). In 1988, Professor Jeanne Dise-Lewis conducted a survey of 700 middle school students. The students were asked to rate certain events as to the stress they causes. The death of a parent or close family member was the only thing that outranked divorce (Zinsmeister, 1996). A divorce in the family creates a major life change for most children. Loss of contact with friends, schoolmates, neighbors, teachers, and sometimes m oving to a new location may bring a lot of psychosocial stress upon the children, and that stress can be very harmful. Since the divorce boom started in the 1960?s, father-mother divorces have increased at an alarming rate. Today more than 1,000,000 kids experience a divorce in the family every year in the United States alone (U.S.A. Today, p. 8). As a result of the divorce, many children live in single-parent homes. This usually results in a drop in income for the family. Remarriage creates step families. Children often have a hard time adjusting to this new situation. Many of the remarriages end in divorce. As children see these marriages end, they may become more likely to accept divorce as they ente... ...e parents. "Divorce is now the single largest cause of childhood depression. Marital disruption, quite clearly, can wound children for years" (Zinsmeister, 1996). References Doob, Christopher Bates, Sociology, and Introduction, 5th ed. (Fort Worth: Hartcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997), p 142. Driedger, Sharon Doyle. (1998) After Divorce [On-Line] Available: http://gw3.epnet. com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost Lamb, Michael E. and Sternberg, Kathleen J. (1997) The Effects of Divorce and Custody Arrangements on Children?s Behavior, Development and Adjustment [On-Line]. Available: http://gw3.epnet.com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost ?Minimizing the Effects of Divorce on Kids,? U.S.A. Today May 1996: 8. Zinsmeister, Karl. (1996) Divorce?s Toll on Children [On-Line] Available: http://gw3.epnet.com/ehost.asp?key=xwBRPG6&site=ehost
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Evolution of American democracy from 1865 to date Essay
Evolution of American democracy from 1865 to date Introduction            United States is the first country to experience liberal democracy. Democracy in this country is considered to have begun in 1788 with the introduction of a democratic constitution. Its democracy is constantly evolving. Here, we shall discuss how the American democracy has evolved over time from 1865 to present and the pressure that endures between liberty and equality. It is imperative to mention that America is a country made of many different races like the Native Americans, Indians, and some blacks. There have ever been ideas of racism between these races over time.            To begin with, the 13th amendment passed in 1865 abolished any form of slave trade or servitude except with a court order for such treatment. Before the the blacks had been subjects of slavery and would go through torture. Clauses like the amendment of three-fifths and the emancipation proclamation had previously protected slavery fully. During this time, there was anxiety for freedom and equality with many natives being jailed for slavery.            In 1866 and 1867, there was the reconstruction period in which the government tried to help black Americans who had been victims of slavery gain their political, social and economic freedom. Many whites were against this, but the government was strict about its stand. This shows the gap that had existed between the blacks and whites their masters.            In 1868, the congress enacted the bill which allowed federal employees to work for 8 hours only per day but industrial workers would proceed with 10-12 hours’ work days. In the same year, the majority of the members of Legislature were men with a number of 87 seats of the 117 available (Carol 234). This was a step in the equality and the freedom all American citizens.            As if that is not enough, in 1869 the first transcontinental railway line enabled the Africans to enjoy train services which had been a privilege of the whites before then. In the same year, the 5th amendment was enacted which stated that the voting right would not be denied on a racial basis but only men were allowed to vote. In the same year, the association of women’s suffrage was formed to fight for the rights of women. This was a major improvement in the freedom of the general American citizens since only whites would vote before then.            There were no main changes in the democracy of America between 1870 and 1874. However, in 1875, the act of Civil Rights was passed which guaranteed equal rights to blacks to go visit any public facility like hotels and hospitals. The whites protested against this, and many were sentenced for discrimination. In the same year, the separation of roads between blacks and whites also came to an end. It is thus clear that the whites were not contented with how the government was acting, but the Africans pressed for more equality and freedom.            In 1877, an organization to prevent cruelty of adults to children was passed. The rising cases of child labor and torture forced the locals to form this society. In the same year, Rutherford became president, and he put to an end radical republican program which led to discrimination of the blacks in the south. He also called for policies which would improve the wellbeing of blacks who had just been freed from slavery.            Between 1800 and 1900, the number of American immigrants rose dramatically and the Chinese exclusion act was formed. Americans did not take that lightly, and racism cases came to a rise until the government outlawed the import of Chinese workforce for ten years. The immigrants held to their religion, and the government protected them fully assuring them of their freedom and equality.            In 1881, James Garfield took over as the president after the death of his successor but he was also shot due to his strict policy ensuring fairness and equality. Chest Arthur succeeded him, and the congress passed the Pendleton Act, which made all government positions obtainable only through written exam. This denied the citizens their voting rights. It also protected workers from getting fired due to their political stands. Arthur also fought for the reduction of traffic levies through the Traffic Act enacted in 1883. This aimed at improving the economic freedom of the citizens.            In 1885, Grover took over as the president following Arthur’s death. He was against the favoring of any economic group and the distribution of seeds to farmers who had experienced drought in Texas and fought for the reduction of high tariffs on the poor. In 1888’s elections, he received fewer votes due to his draconian bills and policies. This demonstrates the dissatisfaction of the majority of American citizens to have a fair and just political and social system.            In 1886, there was more industrial workers unrest with many of them taking to the streets to protest against dangerous working conditions and long working hours. The American Federation of labor was formed to oversee fair treatment of striking employees. Surprisingly, the police exploded a bomb in a meeting of labor leaders killing many. This showed the denial of the freedom to hold a meeting and the right to have a peaceful demonstration.            In 1886, France awarded U.S a statue of liberty which read, â€Å"Give to me your poor and tired masses trying to breathe free, the refuse of your hands. â€Å"Send these homeless tosts to me†. This shows the pressure by other countries to U.S to change its stand against abolition of slavery. In 1865, the Sherman Anti-trust Act which protected trade and commerce against illegal monopolies was also enacted. It demonstrated the zeal by the government to have its citizens gain financial freedom especially the poor.            Between 1890 and 1930, many Americans living in villages began moving to towns leading to urbanization and industrialization. This led to poor pay. As a result, different groups fighting for women, labor and blacks rights were formed. Social protests, on the other hand, became rampant. This shows the denial of freedom and equality amongst some American citizens and a fight for revolution.            In 1893, a major labor boycott took place in America due to cutting of wages by the Pullman Railway Company. Many workers supported this and president Clevend sent his troops to deal with them. Debs, an author was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment for criticizing capitalism. It shows the reluctance of the government in delivering to the public the right for a fair hearing and expression.            In 1896, the high court gave a ruling that facilities were favoring segregation were constitutional. This led to a rise in differences in education, economic and living styles. In the same year, the National Association of women was formed to push for better reforms favoring the rights and freedom of women. It demonstrates the anxiety to have freedom by women. Sexual judgment declaring African women immoral and sexual were also put to an end.            Oppression and segregation continued leading to the formation of African Niagara society in 1917 which fought against all forms of discrimination especially against the blacks. To their surprise, the industrial workers of the world were founded which was highly radical was formed. The food and meat acts were also passed to safeguard the consumer rights who are the American citizens.            No important reforms took place took place not until 1920 when the 19th Amendment of suffrage of women was passed which gave all women the right to vote. The act stated that the right of American citizens to vote would not be denied by any state on gender basis. To add to that, there were red scare raids this aimed at arresting everyone who was a communist or mistreated the blacks. It was a clear move demonstrating the government’s stand in matters of segregation. The immigration act was also enacted restricting entry of immigrants to the United States.            In 1928, the Supreme Court gave a ruling that all schools were not allowed to segregate Mexican-American children. This was in a bid to protect the innocent children from torture. At this time, the World War 1 had just come to a stop and many people lived under the poverty line. To see the ending of that, the social security Act was formulated in 1935 to fund for pensions and unemployment compensation providing some economic security to American citizens.            To add to that, between 1941 and 1945 there was a major recruitment of women to the workforce after men went to fight in world war two. There was also civil rights protest in the same year to advocate equality between the blacks and whites. Fortunately, in 1954 the Supreme Court ruled against racial segregation and declared that separate but equal facilities were constitutional (Julian 107). This means that there was an improvement in there was an improvement in the constitutional rights of the blacks. The birth control pill for women was also introduced in the same year rewriting the future of women, family and national life.            In 1963, John Kennedy introduced a new civil rights bill and a tax cut which proposed equal treatment and taxation of all citizens and it was passed. It was however amended in 1965 leading to massive protests in the black streets who demanded equal representation in the congress and job opportunities.            A major improvement was in 1966 when the Civil Rights Act was passed. It prohibited any form of discrimination in recruitment, job opportunities, wages and living standards. Malcolm X who tried to argue for black pride through black separatism was murdered. People demanded to know the cause of his death through demonstrations and unrest. The national organization of women was also founded in the same year to fight for the rights of women.            The preceding years were faced with economic instability and people were working hard to improve on their living standards. In 1989, however, President Bush declared that no new taxes would be levied on the American citizens. Together with the congress, they did away with the tax exemptions on high income earners. He also introduced a health insurance tax for poor families and tax reduction for each family that bought new homes. This raised taxes on the wealthy and they benefited less from it leading to their protests.            In 1991, bush nominated Clarance Thomas to the Supreme Court. He was a black American having idea of a normal conservative and civil rights organizations were against this. Bush seemed to be against racism and any other form of inequality. In 1993, Bill Clinton took over as the president and tried to lift the economy through increasing public and private investments. He introduced the GOALS bill of 2000 which introduced a new health care policy and increased strictness on crime and violence (Jill 124). This was all in a bid to secure the right to a better health care for all American citizens.            Another significant improvement in democracy was in 2007 when the first woman was sworn to be the speaker in House of Representatives. In spite of all that, Barack Obama was elected the first black American defeating his Republican opponent McCain. In 2009, Hillary Clinton was sworn as secretary of state becoming the first lady to serve in the position. Obama has brought many changes in the health sector and the taxation of Americans. He is however keen to maintain equality among all American citizens.            Currently, United States is a fully democratic and economically stable. There are few cases of racial discrimination and no single law is in favor of that. The president is a black American and the rights of all Americans are fully safeguarded. The industrial and health care act passed in 2013 helps ensure better healthcare and protection of all workers against any form of mistreatment by their employers.            In conclusion, America has gone through many eras and under different presidents who either promoted democracy or fought against it. Democracy was highly never achieved due to racism and some acts which favored it. However, one can appreciate the steps taken by the American government to oversee democracy. References Julian, Zeliar. The American Congress: the builing of democracy.New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcout:2004: Print Jilll, Lepore . Evolution of American democracy. New York: Princeton Univ. press.2008.Print. Carol Berkin. History of the United States since 1865. New York: Cengage Learning.2014.Print Source document
Monday, January 6, 2020
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)